A digital ecosystem consists of all hardware devices, program files, and data files, that a user needs to process data. Digital ecosystems encompass both ICT services and digital infrastructures, and their interactions with their surroundings. Prime challenges in such systems are the lack of coordinated engineering and management which, if not properly handled, can threaten the trustworthiness of the overall system. A holistic view of services and infrastructures is required, focusing on the relationships and dependencies between communication networks, data storage, service provisioning, management of services and infrastructure.
New ICT- solutions are not created from scratch, but are based on building upon a large number of existing and evolving systems and services- ‘systems of systems’. Since, the sub-systems are not under any centralized control and exhibit emergent features, the term ‘digital ecosystems’ was proposed to describe such systems. Digital ecosystem is a metaphor inspired by natural ecosystems to describe a distributed, adaptive, and open socio-technical system. A wide range of individuals and organizations use and provide data, content and services to the digital ecosystem, as shown in Figure 1. Such systems are ideally characterized by self-organization, autonomous subsystems, continuous evolution, scalability and sustainability, aiming to provide both economic and social value. On the other hand, as these systems grow organically, it also opens them up for a number of threats to the overall dependability and thus trustworthiness of the system.
There are three partly related variants of digital ecosystems: software ecosystems, data-oriented ecosystems, and infrastructure ecosystems.
Software Ecosystems-
Software ecosystems are “a set of businesses functioning as a unit and interacting with a shared market for software and services, together with relationships among them.” These relationships are frequently underpinned by a common technological platform and operate through the exchange of information, resources, and artifacts”. For instance, within open-source systems (OSS), hundreds of thousands of co-evolved software ‘components’ are freely available. Their quality and documentation are rather variable. Yet, OSS components are integrated into many applications, and some also contribute back. Traditional customers – such as municipalities – cooperate to provide improved e-services for their inhabitants. And end-users, even children, are becoming developers of components for the potential use of others.
Data-Oriented Ecosystems-
In recent years, an increasing amount of data and meta-data has been made available for common use, representing the basis for an ecosystem of services being developed based on the shared online data. Of particular interest is the explosion of linked open data that makes it possible to access, interpret, and share heterogeneous and dynamically changing data across the web with limited knowledge of how the data was produced. Since applications don’t need to have any ownership to this data or to have access to an appropriate infrastructure for local management of large-scale data, the provision of linked open data enables a new breed of data-driven applications, which are more cost-effective to develop and can combine data in new and innovative ways. Moreover, anyone can contribute to the total data model by publishing their own definitions, making sure that the data model is dynamically adapted and is relevant for outside use. It is in the nature of such data to be both heterogeneous and distributed. This creates new challenges, as this data often cannot be transferred owing to volume or legal constraints.
A variant of data-oriented ecosystems are content ecosystems - networks that deal with creation and sharing of artistic or intellectual artifacts. The web allows for highly visual and multimodal interactions, and these interactions will become represented through richer means.
Infrastructure Ecosystem-
The third eco-system, and critical with respect to trustworthiness, is the ICT infrastructure ecosystem. It consists of a huge number of interconnected networks, computing and storage facilities owned and operated by a number of autonomous market actors. In addition, it has infrastructure services, such as positioning, and infrastructure information, such as maps, that a range of end user services rely on. The organization of these systems is mostly based on bilateral commercial agreements between market actors, and hence, it is a techno-economic eco-system rather than an engineered system. There may be regulations that put requirements on these systems and their interworking, but these are of a general kind.
To address the trustworthy application of combined digital content, software and infrastructure ecosystems, there must be substantial and concerted improvements of the state-of-the-art in five traditionally unrelated and partially isolated research areas:
Open innovation
Software engineering
Enterprise architecture and enterprise modelling
Big Data management
Quantitative modelling of ICT infrastructure.
In complex digital ecosystems, such as those underlying Smart Cities or Smart Grids, aspects from all of these areas interplay, and to understand how to design, implement, manage, and operate trustworthy systems on top of the digital ecosystem; we need to be able to look at the different aspects in concert.