- Assembly Language- It is the first step to improve the programming structure. You should know that a computer can handle numbers and letters. The symbolic programming of assembly language is easier to understand and saves a lot of time and effort of the programmer.
- High-Level languages- Assembly language and machine level language require deep knowledge of computer hardware whereas in a higher language you have to know only the instructions (Language Grammar) in English words and logic of the problem irrespective of the type of computer hardware you use.
- Freeware- Freeware is software that is distributed without demanding any cost for its usage. These programs are available either as fully functional software for an unlimited period.
- Open Source- The term ‘Open Source’ is very close to ‘free software’ but not identical. We say this because, the source code of open-source software is readily available to users as well under a copyright, and one is freely allowed to redistribute the software. The concept of an open-source program relies on the fact that a user can review a source-code for eliminating possible bugs/error in it.
- Data and instructions cannot be entered and processed directly into computers using human language. Any type of data- numbers, letters, special symbols, sound or pictures must first be converted into machine-readable form i.e. binary form.
- The CPU is the brain of a computer system and is responsible for processing the data i.e. input from peripheral devices and output to another peripheral device.
- Byte: a group of bits (8 bits) used to represent a character. A byte is considered as the basic unit of measuring memory size in computer.
- Word: two or more bits make a word. The term ‘word length’ is used as the measure of the number of bits in each word. For example, a word can have a length of 16 bits, 32 bits, 64 bits, etc.
- Computer memory is used to store information (sometimes also called data and instructions) in a digital computer. A memory is divided into several parts called memory cells.
- Main memory holds instructions and data when a program is in execution, while auxiliary or secondary memory holds data and programs not currently in execution and acts as a storage medium.